--- title: How the choice of indoor climate system affect a building’s carbon footprint across its lifecycle description: Base system selection on a lifetime perspective. 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However, in recent years, embodied carbon has become an increasingly important consideration. As EU regulations place growing emphasis on evaluating buildings across their entire lifecycle, ensuring the right balance between these factors is becoming more critical than ever.   The choice of indoor climate system influences both the carbon footprint linked to construction and the emissions resulting from energy use over the decades that follow. But how significant is the impact of the selected system? In a recent case study, we examined how different types of indoor climate systems affect a building’s carbon footprint over time. Findings show that the solution that appears most sustainable at the time of construction is not necessarily the one that delivers the lowest climate impact over the building’s full lifecycle. **As buildings in Europe undergo renovation, system choice becomes increasingly important** Buildings are the single largest energy consumer in Europe, accounting for approximately 40% of the Union’s energy consumption and 36% of energy-related greenhouse gas emissions. The EU’s increasingly stringent energy performance requirements encourage many property owners to undertake extensive energy-efficiency upgrades in the coming years. As part of these renovation programmes, indoor climate systems are often refurbished or replaced to meet new requirements for energy efficiency and indoor environmental quality. This because ventilation, heating and cooling represent a significant share of a building’s overall energy use. When selecting an indoor climate system, it is important not to focus solely on energy savings and installation costs. Equal consideration should be given to how different system choices affect the building’s carbon footprint throughout its service years. Should the priority be the solution with the lowest carbon impact at the time of installation, or the one that delivers the lowest carbon impact over its operational lifetime? To straighten out this question, we conducted a case study comparing three ventilation strategies from a lifecycle perspective: constant air volume (CAV), variable air volume (VAV), and demand controlled ventilation (DCV).![](https://blog.swegon.com/hs-fs/hubfs/image-png-Oct-15-2026-08-20-49-0104-AM.png?width=1107&height=1055&name=image-png-Oct-15-2026-08-20-49-0104-AM.png) **How the case study was conducted** The study is based on a hypothetical 5,500 m² office building located in Stockholm, Sweden. Simulations were carried out using IDA ICE and included both airborne and waterborne cooling solutions. The following parameters were analysed: - Energy consumption - Operational carbon emissions - Embodied carbon associated with installation - Installation costs - Payback period The constant air volume (CAV) solution achieves Energy Class C and serves as the reference case for all comparisons. The first stage of the analysis focused on energy consumption and operational carbon emissions. The embodied carbon associated with the construction and installation phase was then assessed. Only by considering these perspectives together is it possible to evaluate a building's total carbon footprint across its full lifecycle. **Operational carbon impact** The results show that the choice of indoor climate system has a significant impact on a building’s energy consumption. Compared with a CAV system, energy use is substantially reduced with both VAV and DCV. The greatest savings are achieved with demand controlled ventilation, up to 60% reduction.  ![](https://blog.swegon.com/hs-fs/hubfs/image-png-Oct-15-2026-08-07-12-7272-AM.png?width=1611&height=504&name=image-png-Oct-15-2026-08-07-12-7272-AM.png) Annual operational energy consumption (kWh) for the different ventilation system options. As the energy consumption decreases, the carbon emissions associated with operation follow the same trend. Based on the Swedish energy mix used in the study, where 71% of energy generation is fossil-free\*, the operational carbon footprint of a demand controlled ventilation system with waterborne cooling is reduced by more than 60% compared with a constant air volume system. ![](https://blog.swegon.com/hs-fs/hubfs/image-png-Oct-15-2026-08-07-36-3311-AM.png?width=1626&height=504&name=image-png-Oct-15-2026-08-07-36-3311-AM.png)Operational carbon emissions (CO₂e) for the different ventilation system option. The composition of the energy mix has a significant influence on the results. In energy systems with a higher proportion of fossil-based energy, the carbon benefits of energy efficiency measures become even greater. Conversely, where the energy mix contains a high share of fossil-free energy, the differences between the alternatives become less distinct. This is because operational emissions are already comparatively low, increasing the relative importance of emissions associated with the construction phase. **Embodied carbon impact during construction** The CAV system has the lowest embodied carbon footprint. This is primarily because the system contains fewer components, whereas VAV and DCV solutions require additional sensors, controls, dampers and control equipment. This increases material use and, consequently, results in a somewhat higher embodied carbon footprint during the construction phase. However, the differences between the systems are relatively small. ![](https://blog.swegon.com/hs-fs/hubfs/image-png-Oct-15-2026-11-11-31-0341-AM.png?width=1613&height=577&name=image-png-Oct-15-2026-11-11-31-0341-AM.png)Embodied carbon footprint (CO₂e A1-A3) of the different ventilation system options. Had the assessment only considered the construction phase, the constant air volume solution would have appeared to be the most sustainable option. It is only when the entire lifecycle is considered that a complete picture emerges. **The entire lifecycle must be considered** The most interesting conclusions emerge when the carbon impact of both construction and operation is measured together from a lifecycle perspective. Although the DCV system has a slightly higher carbon footprint at the installation stage, the additional impact is offset in less than two years thanks to lower operational emissions. From that point onwards, the climate benefit continues to increase with every year of operation, resulting in a carbon footprint more than 40% lower than the CAV alternative after 20 years. **Carbon impact (CO₂e) over time** **![](https://blog.swegon.com/hs-fs/hubfs/image-png-Oct-15-2026-07-58-17-2180-AM.png?width=1810&height=737&name=image-png-Oct-15-2026-07-58-17-2180-AM.png)** Carbon impact (CO₂e) over time. The graph illustrates the results for waterborne cooling; comparable results were obtained for airborne cooling. **Payback period: energy savings and installation costs** The CAV system has the lowest installation cost, primarily because it requires the least equipment, and the DCV system has an installation cost approximately 10% lower than the VAV. This largely due to shorter installation times and lower electrical and control system costs. ![](https://blog.swegon.com/hs-fs/hubfs/image-png-Oct-15-2026-08-01-52-9319-AM.png?width=1625&height=509&name=image-png-Oct-15-2026-08-01-52-9319-AM.png) Installation cost for the different ventilation system options. Despite requiring a higher initial investment, both VAV and DCV systems can achieve relatively short payback periods through reduced energy costs. For systems incorporating waterborne cooling, the payback period is six years for DCV and eleven years for VAV when compared with a CAV system. For airborne cooling, the corresponding payback periods are nine and fifteen years respectively. In addition to energy savings, demand controlled systems can offer high levels of occupant comfort, greater operational flexibility, and has the ability to tailor indoor environmental conditions to the actual needs of the building and its occupants. ![](https://blog.swegon.com/hs-fs/hubfs/image-png-Oct-15-2026-08-00-27-7207-AM.png?width=1681&height=646&name=image-png-Oct-15-2026-08-00-27-7207-AM.png) Installation cost and payback period for the different ventilation system options. **Learnings from the results?** The study demonstrates that the choice of ventilation system affects both the carbon footprint associated with construction and the building's environmental performance throughout its operational life. For property owners planning refurbishment projects or new developments, understanding the relationship between embodied and operational carbon is therefore essential. When the entire lifecycle is considered, it becomes clear that the most sustainable solution is not always the one that appears most favourable at the installation stage. The CAV system has the lowest embodied carbon footprint during construction. However, DCV delivers the greatest energy savings, the lowest operational emissions, and the lowest overall carbon footprint over time. The results are influenced by the energy mix supplying the building. This study is based on the Swedish energy mix, which already has relatively low associated emissions. In countries or regions with a more carbon-intensive energy supply, the emissions savings achieved through energy efficiency measures become even more significant. At the same time, energy systems continue to evolve. As the energy supply becomes increasingly low-carbon, reducing embodied carbon becomes ever more important, as its relative contribution to a building's total lifecycle carbon footprint will increase. As increasing numbers of buildings undergo refurbishment, the choice of indoor climate system will play an important role in the transition towards a more sustainable built environment. The study shows that decisions made today can influence emissions, energy consumption and operating costs for decades to come. For this reason, system selection should always be based on a full lifetime perspective. **Three key takeaways from the study** 1. Indoor climate systems should be evaluated from a full lifecycle perspective. 2. Embodied and operational carbon impacts must be considered together. 3. Energy-efficient systems can offset a higher initial carbon footprint within a relatively short period of time. Learn more about WISE, our system for demand controlled ventilation.   \* Swedish National Board of Housing, Building and Planning (Boverket) Topics: - [Energy Efficiency](https://blog.swegon.com/en/tag/energy-efficiency) - [Sustainability](https://blog.swegon.com/en/tag/sustainability) - - - [![Caroline Jacobsson](https://blog.swegon.com/hs-fs/hubfs/Blog%20Authors/Caroline%20Jacobsson.jpg?width=200&name=Caroline%20Jacobsson.jpg)](https://blog.swegon.com/en/author/caroline-jacobsson) [Caroline Jacobsson](https://blog.swegon.com/en/author/caroline-jacobsson) Caroline Jacobsson, Circular Business Director, focuses on creating sustainable business models for how to incorporate circularity in our extensive offer of products, services and solutions for a good indoor climate. ![Niklas Jacobsson](https://blog.swegon.com/hs-fs/hubfs/authorniklas.png?width=200&name=authorniklas.png) Niklas Jacobsson Niklas Jacobsson is the Product Manager for our room management systems at Swegon. He has great interest in building automation, digitalisation and energy optimisation. Especially in the context of enhancing the indoor environmental quality (IEQ). ## Recommended reading - [Energy Efficiency](https://blog.swegon.com/en/tag/energy-efficiency) - [Air Handling Units](https://blog.swegon.com/en/tag/air-handling-units) ### [Nicklas Svensson](https://blog.swegon.com/en/author/nicklas-svensson) ## [Improving energy efficiency through better insights](https://blog.swegon.com/en/improving-energy-efficiency-through-better-insights?hsLang=en) Energy efficiency has become one of the defining priorities for the … - [Energy Efficiency](https://blog.swegon.com/en/tag/energy-efficiency) - [Indoor Climate Knowledge](https://blog.swegon.com/en/tag/indoor-climate-knowledge) - [Room Units](https://blog.swegon.com/en/tag/room-units) ### [Tobias Nordström](https://blog.swegon.com/en/author/tobias-nordström) ## [Chilled beams re-invented: Maintaining performance in a world of variable airflow](https://blog.swegon.com/en/chilled-beams-re-invented-maintaining-performance-in-a-world-of-variable-airflow-clone?hsLang=en) For decades, one of the strongest selling points of chilled beams has … - [Energy Efficiency](https://blog.swegon.com/en/tag/energy-efficiency) - [Sustainability](https://blog.swegon.com/en/tag/sustainability) ### [Mikael Börjesson](https://blog.swegon.com/en/author/mikael-börjesson) ## [Beyond energy efficiency, the revised EPBD puts IEQ in focus](https://blog.swegon.com/en/beyond-energy-efficiency-the-revised-epbd-puts-ieq-in-focus?hsLang=en) The latest revision of the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive … Get updates from the blog directly to your inbox. #### Get to know us - [Why Swegon?](https://www.swegon.com/why-swegon/) - [Solutions & services](https://www.swegon.com/solutions-and-services/) - [Products](https://www.swegon.com/products/) - [References & Insights](https://www.swegon.com/references-and-insights/) - [Support & Software](https://www.swegon.com/support/) - [Sustainability](https://www.swegon.com/sustainability/) #### More Swegon - [About us](https://www.swegon.com/about-swegon/) - [Our Brands](https://www.swegon.com/about-swegon/our-brands/) - [News](https://blog.swegon.com/en/news?hsLang=en) - [For suppliers](https://www.swegon.com/for-suppliers/) - [The Swegon Blog](https://blog.swegon.com/en) - [Swegon Air Academy](https://www.swegonairacademy.com/en/) #### Subscribe to The Swegon Blog [![](https://www.swegon.com/siteassets/logos/logo.svg?v=1620107735)](https://www.swegon.com/) Swegon Group AB, JA Wettergrens gata 7, SE-421 30 Västra Frölunda, Tel +46 (0)31-89 58 00, Fax +46 (0)31-89 94 69, info@swegon.com - [Privacy statement](https://www.swegon.com/privacy-policy/) - [Cookies](https://www.swegon.com/cookies/) - [Processing personal data](https://www.swegon.com/privacy-policy/processing-personal-data/) - [![Youtube](https://www.swegon.com/Static/img/youtube.svg)](https://www.youtube.com/user/SwegonAB) - [![Linkedin](https://www.swegon.com/Static/img/linkedin.svg)](https://www.linkedin.com/company/swegon-ab/) - [![Facebook](https://www.swegon.com/Static/img/facebook.svg)](https://www.facebook.com/swegongroup)